The way that people learn depends on social (environmental living) and belief. First of all, the learner must be able to express his discontent with some events or conceptions. Second, he must have a plenty understanding on the new concepts presented. Then he is able to see that the new concept is credible. Finally, he must be able to apply this new conception with benefit.
The first conception is that the Earth was created by a supernatural entity. Then a suggestion for an alternative explanation was establish to add variance with the conception from Church. The Darwinian and the Larmarkian theories both offer the explanation of this variance. Their theories follow five others theories:
- Evolution
- Common ancestor
- Multipication of species
- Gradualism
- Natural selection
Learning outcome for the basic of Evolution.
Questions about Natural Selection are asked to students before starting a lecture and there have to answer ticking free gaps describing their agreement (strongly agree, agree, not sure, disagree, strongly disagree) and have to give explanation. These question are related to the movie that the lecturer attempt them to watch. Here the movie is about the TB. Also, after watching the movie, another questionnaire on “The basics of the Evolution and why Evolution is so important” given to students to know what that they have learnt. The questionnaire is structured into parts:
-Learning outcome: Explanation about Natural selection and its subconcepts such as mutation, variation and differential reproduction, then the application to understand the Natural selection applied to Agriculture Medicine and Conservation.
-Question while watching the movie: the objective of the questions is to let come out the understanding of the Natural selection through the TB transmission.
TB microbes multiply and consume lung and as prisoners are smokers the
Questionnaires help to find out what the student know already. This is an appropriate in teaching for teachers to reinforce based on what their knowledge.
Reference:
Holtman LB (2000) The effects of the Laboratory on College Students’ Understanding of Evolution: Implication for Conceptual Change. Published doctoral dissertation. Available via Bell-Howell Publishers online. ISBN: 99998685
5 E Learning Cycle Model
The 5 E Learning Cycle Model has used for a lesson plan on Natural Selection. This mode of lesson implicates at the same time the learner and the teacher based on four steps:
Engagement: Object, event or question used to engage students. Connection facilitated between what students know and can do
Exploration: Object and phenomena are explored. Hands-on activities, with guidance.
Explanation: Students explain their understanding of concept and processes. New concepts and skills are introduced as conceptual clarity and cohesion are sought.
Elaboration: Activities allow students to apply concepts in contexts, and build on or extend understanding and skill.
Evaluation: Students assess their knowledge, skills and abilities. Activities permit evaluation of student development and lesson effectiveness.
In order to apply the 5 E Learning Cycle Model for teaching of the Evolution according to Jean Larmark (1809), Alfred Russel Wallace (1858) and Charles Darwin (1859), the lesson plan will be suggest as the following:
Engage: Ask students about their idea on evolution and adaptation theory. Do their think that every animal on the Earth has been adapted to the environment? Could they add to their thoughts more explanations about the way that these animal feed themselves, the way that they walk or run, moreover the shape of their body?
Explore: Watch the movie on TB.
Explain: Discussion about change of species and the growth of the number of species. Discussion about adaptation of animals.
Evaluate: Ask students to evaluate all the animals that they think have change in term of evolution and explain, according to them and some references, how these changes occurred.
Darwin's dangerous idea
The Darwinian’s theory is on Evolution of species. He examined the origin of species and found that all creatures have changed by adaptation. There must have a law of adaptation rather than extinction, because all species have descendants. The climate and geological conditions sometimes could have not change but new beings could appear on the Earth. In order to study adaptation, Darwin made a tree of life. He demonstrated that all life on the Earth comes from a single branch of tree of life (Common ancestor). Many scientific questions can come out from this theory from Darwin. How and why new species appear? This question calls the concept of Speciation. Species are selected by the nature to pass to another branch. In speciation, there are two others theories: the first theory is the Gradualism in which the Darwinian Theory focused the most. The second is based on DNA that brings the look at mutation variations and relationships.....
The Journey of Man Where did we come from? How did we populate the World? Our DNA contains the greatest historic book never written and each of us carries a chapter. We carry secret in our blood. Lucas Cavelli was the first to realise that blood is a real tool to build a human family tree. Everyone alive must be related. Based on DNA, population genetic markers never disappear. Genographic project is looking for genetic markers in African or Australians. Therefore the Journey of Man starts with indigenous population.
How human conquered the World? It is Africa, the “human birth place” where the trip starts. In Namibian, DNA samples were collected from Bushman people. In the document this people are qualified as our “distant relatives”. Everything written in their blood is written on their faces.
Why our ancestors left Africa and travelled around the World? The change of climate, growth of desert in Africa and increase of ice in the North part of the World could be the raison of this human migration. Our ancestors went to Australia after Africa as it was the very next place for our ancestors’ journey. But how did they travel from Africa to Australia? They used the coast. Doug Williams, an archaeologist, described drawings did by Aboriginal artist showing the route took by our ancestor. A look needs to be made in India to see if there were some traces of African people to proof that our ancestors travelled through India. The more indigenous the populations are there is a chance to found evidence. DNA samples were collected from Aboriginal and Indian people. All the work was focus on the Y chromosome because this chromosome still stays the same when it is passed on to the next generation (boys). Just one spelling in the DNA composite (ATCG) proved that our ancestors passed through India.
The genetic markers showed that the way of migration after India was China. Further, who were the first Europeans? They are the Cro-Magnon people (cave men). Their paintings describe the journey of the Ice Man. The Study of the Cro-Magnon body proportion and their adaptation of dark and cold was another important focus. The skin of our ancestors was dark, and peel and depigmentation, change in nose and eyes began because of the cold.
Why they spend 10000 years to get Europe? Why they pass through central Asia to reach central Europe? The answer is the weather. Indeed, the wrong spelling in the DNA composite (ATGC) was also found in Russia. Then European divided to become the first Americans who are the Chukchi people inside the Arctic Circle. These people are short because they have to keep their body warm. They are nomads. They live where it is -20 C. The sea separating Russia to America was the barrier. But from Alaska they walked down into America continent (Native American).
The puzzle piece is put together. The Journey of the man is complete.
This document is interresting to teach student because it captivates the watcher in increasing his curiosity of the next step. In this document what we can use for teaching are:
- DNA molecules and its copmosite (ATCG)
- Mutation
- Heredity
- Man evolution.
